@inproceedings{HanenbergEtAl_Indentation_JSON_2024,

title = {Indentation and Reading Time: A Controlled Experiment on the Differences Between Generated Indented and Non-indented JSON Objects},

author = {Stefan Hanenberg and Johannes Morzeck and Ole Werger and Stefan Gries and Volker Gruhn},

editor = {Hans-Georg Fill and Francisco José Domínguez Mayo and Marten Sinderen and Leszek A. Maciaszek},

isbn = {978-3-031-61753-9},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

booktitle = {Software Technologies},

pages = {50–75},

publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},

address = {Cham},

abstract = {It is commonly accepted to indent source code to improve its readability, but the evidence for that is quite low. Up to 2022 only few experiments can be found that reveal a positive effect of indentation in terms of reported evidence and reported effect size – actually, the authors of the present paper are only aware of one single experiment up to 2022 that matches the previous statement. In other words, the often articulated positive effect of indentation was hardly backed up by experimental results reported in the literature. The situation changed in 2023, where an experiment suddenly revealed a strong (p $$< .001$$<.001) and large (effect size = .832; ratio of means = 2.781) effect of indentation in code consisting of if-statements, i.e., a large effect of indentation on the readability of control flows was measured. However, taking the history of studies on indentation into account, it is reasonable to doubt the results: possibly, the effect was caused by hand-chosen examples, respectively by the kind of code used in the experiment (control flows). The here presented study is a follow-up study. First, instead of using hand-chosen examples, the experiment uses generated code. Next, instead of relying on an application's control flow, the present study focusses on data structures by using JSON objects. And finally, the study was designed as a replicated N-of-1 experiment executed on 40 professional developers, where each single subject receives multiple repetitions of all treatment combinations. The study showed a strong (p < .001) and large (effect size = .596; ratio of means = 6.44) effect of indentation. A further finding was that the indentation effect varies between participants. And finally, the study's results are comparable to the results achieved by running the experiment only on four of the present paper's authors.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icse/0001OG19,

title = {Modeling semantic dependencies to allow flow monitoring in networks with black-box nodes},

author = {Stefan Gries and Julius Ollesch and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SEsCPS.2019.00010},

doi = {10.1109/SEsCPS.2019.00010},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Software Engineering for Smart Cyber-Physical Systems, SEsCPS@ICSE 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 28, 2019.},

pages = {14--17},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/icse/2019sescps},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ecsa/MeyerH0WG18,

title = {A decentralized architecture and simple consensus algorithm for autonomous agents},

author = {Ole Meyer and Marc Hesenius and Stefan Gries and Florian Wessling and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3241403.3241413},

doi = {10.1145/3241403.3241413},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Software Architecture: Companion Proceedings, ECSA 2018, Madrid, Spain, September 24-28, 2018},

pages = {7:1--7:4},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/ecsa/2018c},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/somet/0001MOWHG18,

title = {Developing a Cyber-Physical Autonomous and Distributed Intersection Management - A Software Engineer's Experience Report},

author = {Stefan Gries and Ole Meyer and Julius Ollesch and Florian Wessling and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-900-3-582},

doi = {10.3233/978-1-61499-900-3-582},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

booktitle = {New Trends in Intelligent Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques - Proceedings of the 17th International Conference SoMeT_18, Granada, Spain, 26-28 September 2018},

pages = {582--595},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/somet/2018},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icsa/0001MWHG18,

title = {Using Blockchain Technology to Ensure Trustful Information Flow Monitoring in CPS},

author = {Stefan Gries and Ole Meyer and Florian Wessling and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSA-C.2018.00014},

doi = {10.1109/ICSA-C.2018.00014},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

booktitle = {2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion, ICSA Companion 2018, Seattle, WA, USA, April 30 - May 4, 2018},

pages = {35--38},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/icsa/2018c},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icdcs/0001MOWHG18,

title = {Developing a Convenient and Fast to Deploy Simulation Environment for Cyber-Physical Systems},

author = {Stefan Gries and Ole Meyer and Julius Ollesch and Florian Wessling and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2018.00166},

doi = {10.1109/ICDCS.2018.00166},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

booktitle = {38th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, ICDCS 2018, Vienna, Austria, July 2-6, 2018},

pages = {1551--1552},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/icdcs/2018},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icdcs/0001HG18,

title = {Embedding Non-Compliant Nodes into the Information Flow Monitor by Dependency Modeling},

author = {Stefan Gries and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2018.00163},

doi = {10.1109/ICDCS.2018.00163},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

booktitle = {38th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, ICDCS 2018, Vienna, Austria, July 2-6, 2018},

pages = {1541--1542},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/icdcs/2018},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ami/WesslingGOHG17,

title = {Engineering a Cyber-Physical Intersection Management - An Experience Report},

author = {Florian Wessling and Stefan Gries and Julius Ollesch and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56997-0_2},

doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-56997-0_2},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

booktitle = {Ambient Intelligence - 13th European Conference, AmI 2017, Malaga, Spain, April 26-28, 2017, Proceedings},

pages = {17--32},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/ami/2017},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/debs/GriesHG17,

title = {Cascading Data Corruption: About Dependencies in Cyber-Physical Systems: Poster},

author = {Stefan Gries and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3093742.3095092},

doi = {10.1145/3093742.3095092},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-based Systems, DEBS 2017, Barcelona, Spain, June 19-23, 2017},

pages = {345--346},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/debs/2017},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/debs/MeyerOGWG17,

title = {Property-based routing in clustered message brokers for CPS: Doctoral Symposium},

author = {Ole Meyer and Julius Ollesch and Stefan Gries and Florian Wessling and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3093742.3096475},

doi = {10.1145/3093742.3096475},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-based Systems, DEBS 2017, Barcelona, Spain, June 19-23, 2017},

pages = {366--369},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/debs/2017},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icdcs/GriesHG17,

title = {Tracking Information Flow in Cyber-Physical Systems},

author = {Stefan Gries and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2017.116},

doi = {10.1109/ICDCS.2017.116},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

booktitle = {37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, ICDCS 2017, Atlanta, GA, USA, June 5-8, 2017},

pages = {2589--2590},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/icdcs/2017},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/somet/Gruhn0HORSWW17,

title = {Engineering Cyber-Physical Systems},

author = {Volker Gruhn and Stefan Gries and Marc Hesenius and Julius Ollesch and Shafiq-Ur Rehman and Nils Schwenzfeier and Christian Wahl and Florian Wessling},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-800-6-3},

doi = {10.3233/978-1-61499-800-6-3},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

booktitle = {New Trends in Intelligent Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques - Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, SoMeT_17, Kitakyushu City, Japan, September 26-28, 2017},

pages = {3--18},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/somet/2017},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/somet/0001HG17,

title = {Tracing Cascading Data Corruption in CPS with the Information Flow Monitor},

author = {Stefan Gries and Marc Hesenius and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-800-6-399},

doi = {10.3233/978-1-61499-800-6-399},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

booktitle = {New Trends in Intelligent Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques - Proceedings of the 16th International Conference, SoMeT_17, Kitakyushu City, Japan, September 26-28, 2017},

pages = {399--408},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/somet/2017},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/mhci/HeseniusGGG14,

title = {Automating UI tests for mobile applications with formal gesture descriptions},

author = {Marc Hesenius and Tobias Griebe and Stefan Gries and Volker Gruhn},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2628363.2628391},

doi = {10.1145/2628363.2628391},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices & services, MobileHCI 2014, Toronto, ON, Canada, September 23-26, 2014},

pages = {213--222},

crossref = {DBLP:conf/mhci/2014},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}